In this article we will discuss about the transistor working . we discuss about types of transistor and their working. we learn about biasing of transistor.
Transistor working
A transistor is a semiconductor device. Which is used to
amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power? It accepts small
electrical signal either in the form of current or voltages at the input and
then amplifies and provide a large amplified signal.
Bipolar junction transistor working (BJT)
It is a three terminal device made up of silicon or germanium.
The word bipolar indicates that both electron transport and hole transport take
place in such a device.
Construction of (BJT) transistor working
This transistor (working) is formed by combination of two
junction diodes and is formed of either a thin layer of P-type semiconductor
sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors, which is known as n-p-n transistors. This
construction produces two p-n junctions.
The three terminals of BJT are emitter, base and collector.
1. Emitter
It is a heavy doped region. It is physically large but
smaller than the collector.
2. Base
It is the middle terminal of the transistor. Base region is
very lightly doped and thin. It controls the flow of current carriers.
3. Collector
The collector region is physically larger than emitter. The
doping of collector is more than base but less than that of the emitter. It is responsible
for collection of carriers.
A base emitter junction and a base-collector junction, separated
by a thin region of semiconductor known as the base region.
PNP and NPN Symbols of transistor working
NPN transistor working
The operation of the NPN transistor is quite simple. First of
all, the emitter-base junction must be forward biased and the base-collector
junction must be reverse bias as shown in figure.
As electrons majority carriers in N region, these electrons
on being forward bias by the voltage emitter base cross the junction and appear
in the base region.
Emitter current = Base current + collector current
PNP transistor working
For the conduction of a PNP transistor, the base-emitter
junction always must be forward biased and the collector-base junction must be
reversed biased as shown in the figure.
AS the majority carriers in the emitter P-type materials are
holes. On being forward biased, holes cross the junction and appear in the base
region. This constitutes the Emitter current.
As these holes flow through the N type base, they tend to
combine the electrons in the N-region (base). AS the base is very thin and
lightly doped, very few of holes injected into the base from emitter recombine
with electrons to constitute base current.
As the base-collector junction is reverse biased, the
collector region is negative W.R,T the base and holes which are positive in
nature, penetrate into base and flow across the collector junction and flow
into the external applied voltage. This constitutes collector current.
Operation mode of transistor working
The transistor workings operate in any of the following three
modes depending on the common terminal between the input and output circuit.
1. Common base configuration (CB).
2. Common Emitter (CE) configuration
3. Common Collector (CC) configuration
1. Common base configuration (CB).
As its name suggests, in the common base or grounded base
configuration, the base connection is kept common to both the input signal and
the output signal with the input signal being applied between the base and the
emitter terminals.
The corresponding output signal is taken from between the
base and the collector terminal as shown with the base terminal grounded or
connected to a fixed reference voltage point.
2. Common Emitter(CE) configuration
In the common emitter or grounded emitter configuration’ the
input signal is applied between the base and emitter,while the out put is taken
from between the collector and the emitter as shown.
3. Common collector (CC) Configuration.
In the common collector or grounded collector configuration,
the collector is now common through the supply. The input signal is connected
directly to the base, while the output is taken from the emitter load as shown
This type of configuration is commonly known as a voltage follower
circuit.
Hence it is the transistor working and biasing. if you will find any incorrect above please comment below .
Hence it is the transistor working and biasing. if you will find any incorrect above please comment below .
For knowing more about the transistor working you must watch this video.